Automático x automatizado
Atendendo a pedidos...
Os câmbios automáticos estão entre nós desde antes da Segunda Guerra, enquanto os automatizados são um pouco mais recentes, embora também já possuam um bom histórico. A Ferrari usa nos carros de rua e inclusive na F1, embora tenha demorado bastante até pegar o jeito.
Para resumir a parte técnica e muitas vezes chata, o câmbio automático faz a trocas de marcha através de um conversor de torque. Esse é o nome dado a um sistema com óleo no qual gira uma engrenagem do motor e as do câmbio. Esse óleo garante que o acoplamento da engrenagem do motor com a da marcha correspondente seja suave, como numa embreagem de um câmbio manual.
No entanto, como o motor precisa fazer força para mover a engrenagem mergulhada nesse óleo viscoso, há perda da potência transmitida às rodas e consequente aumento de consumo. Nos câmbios modernos, há bloqueio do conversor de torque em uma ou mais marchas, o que praticamente elimina essas perdas quando a marcha já estiver engatada. Nos câmbios piores, ou mais antigos, tem-se uma nítida sensação muitas vezes de acelerar a fundo e o carro demorar a locomover-se. É culpa de um conversor de torque porco que demora a sincronizar a rotação do motor com a da marcha adequada. Isso é nitidamente mais perceptível nos câmbios automáticos com menos marchas, pois o conversor precisa atuar nos "buracos" de rotação entre uma e outra. Para dar um exemplo, no câmbio automático Ford de 6 marchas usado no Fusion, quase não se percebe o conversor atuando, pela abundância de marchas e proximidade entre elas (o giro do motor cai pouco nas trocas).
O câmbio automatizado é muito mais simples. É na verdade um câmbio manual, com embreagem e tudo, com a diferença que, ao invés do acionamento da embreagem ser feito com o pé, ele é feito eletronicamente. Você está acelerando suavemente, a central eletrônica entende que você está numa condução econômica, e solicitará à embreagem que "aperte-se" quando o motor chegar a 2500 rpm. A embreagem se apertará, o câmbio mudará para a marcha superior, e o motor cairá de rotação correspondentemente. Tudo lindo no papel, mas não é tão simples eliminar o conversor de torque.
A maior reclamação a respeito dos automatizados é a falta de suavidade. Faz sentido: você lá acelerando e de repente o câmbio resolve mudar de marcha. Existe o tranco do acoplamento da embreagem e o tranco do engate da próxima marcha. É por isso que a embreagem não é um botão de liga – desliga, mas sim um pedal: seu acionamento é gradual para dar suavidade, coisa que os automatizados não simulam com exatidão. Claro que você, com o tempo, pode decorar as faixas de rotação nas quais o câmbio automatizado faz a troca e assim reduzir o tranco, mas se é para ter esse trabalho eu prefiro um câmbio automático de verdade, obrigado.
Hoje em dia, o câmbio automatizado DSG, da VW-Audi, é tido como o melhor do mundo, a par com os melhores automáticos da Mercedes e da Lexus. Ele elimina ess tranco com a existência de duas embreagens, uma para as marchas pares e outra para as ímpares. Então você está lá feliz da vida acelerando em terceira, e o câmbio já deixa a quarta "engatada", com a embreagem acionada. Ao chegar a uma determinada rotação, lida pela central eletrônica conforme sua condução e pressão no acelerador, ela simplesmente desacopla a terceira e já engata a quarta na sequência, o que elimina os trancos e permite trocas ultra-rápidas. É algo evoluído, que as montadoras acham que nós, índios botocudos, ainda não merecemos.
A vantagem do automatizado é eliminar as perdas do conversor de torque, portanto o carro tem a economia e o desempenho do carro manual, com o conforto do automático. Só que desse conforto, na verdade, não tem nada, devido aos trancos ao acoplar / desacoplar a embreagem. Hoje, no Brasil, conforto mesmo só nos automáticos. Não tolero a ideia de precisar decorar os regimes de troca do motor, se é pra isso fico com um carro manual. O automatico existe, a rigor, para você deixar a alavanca no D e esquecer da vida, e esse conforto cobra seu preço no aumento do consumo. Aí vai da prioridade de cada um.
Comentários
Parabéns!
Pequena correção: nem todos os automáticos gastam mais: os CVT, ao contrário, são mais econômicos, do que o respectivo manual, pois fazem o motor operar numa faixa quase constante de RPMs.
Gde abraço !
Tanto que quando se acelera fundo os carros equipados com CVT (por exemplo o Fit antigo), partindo do zero, o motor inicialmente vai para uma rotação perto de 3500rpm (onde esta a faixa de torque maximo) e depois que vence a inércia, sobe para uma rotação bem mais alta, que é a faixa de potência máxima.
Abs.
No artigo só considerei automáticos convencionais, por isso a afirmação do consumo. Você está certo quanto aos CVTs.
E a todos, obrigado pelos elogios!
OBRIGADO E PARABENS!!!!
Não faz aquelas acelerações dos automáticos, é econômico como um carro manual e é mais esportivo nas trocas de marcha.
Sinceramente achei melhor que automático e muito mais barato.
EU SABIA POUCO SOBRE A DIFERENÇA, NA VERDADE NÃO SABIA NADA SOBRE O SISTEMA DSG
PARABÉNS!
Na verdade, os automatizados (DSG) deixam a troca quase imperceptível, rápida e eficiente, em função da dupla embreagem.
Reúne o melhor dos câmbios manual e automático.
Não tem essa de decorar as rotações...imagina...
Não vi defeitos até o momento.
São mais econômicos, confortáveis (muito suaves) e rápidos.
Tenho um passat 2.0 TSI 2010 e até o momento o câmbio foi uma grata e espetacular surpresa (não conhecia o DSG até então).
Abç
Nunca
Nesse novo Jetta TSi, 2.0 Turbo, o câmbio DSG é automatizado ou automático?
Obrigado!
andre Montenegro.
andre Montenegro.
andre Montenegro.
SE NÃO, COMO FUNCIONA O SEMI-AUTOMÁTICO?
Automatizado tem manutenção mais barata. Mas nenhum dos câmbios deve dar problemas por muito tempo.
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